GERMANY STATE

Germany state has been selected by Roberto Amati in relation to the real history of european integration, then enlisted in the EUROPEAN STATES category, accompanied by own fact SHEET useful to the comprehension, completed of historical MAPS AND IMAGES or with a direct linking to the related Blog contents dedicated to the aeternitas and the future of Europe.

Germany is an aeternitas of the history of european integration that will have influence on the future of Europe. The name given by inhabitants is BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSHLAND with the official national languages of German (belonging to the group of German family) spoken by the citizens who today live in the parliamentary federal republic of Germany, together with the residents of others European peoples. What languages are spoken in Germany? The only official is the national language of Deutsch even if there is a great number of Albanian or Slavic or Italic speaking, such as of Turks.

Germany is situated in central Europe over the Alps: its western border is delimited in part by the Rhin river valley, separating from France, and for the rest by the Netherlands and Belgium and Luxembourg states, while on South its frontiers run along the mountains edge with both Switzerland and Austria, whereas the eastern boundaries are with Poland and the Czech Republic and on North with Denmark, where Germany overlooks both on the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The territory of Germany is various: the northern part is completely flat, defined and crossed by several big navigable rivers coming from Alps, sush as the Weser, the Elbe and its tributary the Saale, erupting into the North Sea, the Rhin and its tributaries Main and Neckar, while the Oder has origin in the Sudeti mountains and erupts into the Szczecin Bay designing the border with Poland; the Middle Mountains area composited of the Teutoburg Forest, of the Thuringian Forest and of the Ore Mountains; beyond there is the Hercynian Forest delimitated by the Danube river valley and the Bohemian Forest at East and by the Black Forest, the Swabian and Franconian Jura chains at West; at South there is the Swabian-Bavarian Highland rising up to the Bavarian and Austrian Alps. Then, the climate changes from the atlantic type, signed by strong winds, in the western area to the continental rigid and cold by going towards East, while in southern part of the country the influence of the alpine climate is evident.

The history of Germany began with the settlements of Megalithics people (as you can read in this article) in north-western side of the country, who had been followed along the ancient times by the ancient Celts and Germans in Neolitich age, then by the Sigambres and Boi tribes of Celts and in the I century A.D. by the Germans tribes moving from the Baltic Sea coasts. At that epoch they entered in touch with the Romans who were conquering the West Germany and within the reform of Augustus (see Roman Empire) that area was included into the Belgica, Germania, Raetia and Noricum provinces, that with the reform of Constantine I (see Christian Empire) became part of the Gallia and Annonaria diocesi, while the rest of Germany territory was still occupied by Germans and Goths tribes living as semi-nomads in Magna Germania. The enduring fight along the Limes from I to V century A.D. brought Germans to enter into the Roman Empire obtaining fouedus in those provinces, with the duty to defend as limitary legions, where Romans had founded many civitas as Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Speyer, Augsburg, Bonn, Weisenau and Ratisbon. Since that times there existed large Israelites communities in Speyer, Mainz, Cologne, Worms, Frankfurt and Ratisbon.

But at the falling of Western Roman Empire, those provinces became central for the history of european integration. Franks occupied the West Germany and formed the Regna Austrasia and the Duchy of Swabia within the Regna Francorum since 511 A.D., under the Merovingian dinasty. In 531 A.D. they annexed the Reign of Thuringians founded in 450 A.D. and transformed it in Duchy of Thuringia ruled by Merovingian dinasty since 555 A.D.. The Saxons formed a reign in 531 A.D. ruled by a Saxon dinasty, but it had been conquered in 782 A.D. by Franks and trasformed in Duchy of Saxony ruled by the Carolingian dinasty. The Bavarians formed a reign in 531 A.D. ruled by the Agilolfingi dinasty until it had been conquered by Franks and transformed in Duchy of Bavaria in 788 A.D., ruled by the Carolingian dinasty. With the renovatio imperii reform of Charlemagne the whole Germany entered into the Carolingian Empire, fragmented in duchies, marks (Billung and Nordmark) and large bischoprics and when the empire went splitted in 843 A.D. with the Verdun treaty, it became the Regna Germanorum (Deutschland).

The Regna Germanorum was ruled by the Carolingian dinasty until 911 A.D., when the great fiefdoms joined into the federal German Kingdom known as Reich Empire and elected Konrad I of Corradini family, a political status perdured uninterruptedly until 1806 A.D.! ruled by Corradini-Salians, Liudolfingi-Ottoni, Staufer, Habsburg, Luxembourg, Wittelsbach and Habsburg-Lothrinigen dinasties. So the Duchy of Franconia ruled by Salians dinasty from 906 to 945 A.D. was splitted among the Mainz and Speyer Archibischoprics, Worms and Frankfurt "free city" plus the Langraviade of Hessen and the Langraviade of Thuringia, all underponed to the Rhin Palatinate ruled from 1011 A.D. by Staufer, Welfen-Brunswick, Wittelsbach and its cadet branches of W-Simmern and W-Zweibrucken-Sulzbach dinasties, finally annexed in 1799 A.D. to the Duchy of Bavaria. This originary great fief had been enfeoffed to Luipoldingi family since 907 A.D., then ruled by Liudolfingi-Ottoni, Luxembourg, Salians, Welfen-Brunswick, Babenberg and Wittelsbach dinasties until 1806 A.D., when it was elevated as Kingdom of Bavaria and ruled by Wittelsbach-Simmern/Zweibrucken dinasties until its extintion at the end of the First World War when joined into the I Republic of Germany.

A different evolution had been followed by the other carolingian great fiefs. The ancient Duchy of Swabia, enfeoffed in 909 A.D. to Burcards family, successively passed to Salians, Babenberg, Azzoni, Rheinfelden and Staufer dinasties until 1268 A.D. when it had been annexed to the Duchy of Wurttemberg. That fief had been instituted as County of Wurttemberg in 1137 A.D. and ruled by the homonymous dinasty until 1496 A.D., when it was eleved and enfeoffed to the W-Urach dinasty to become Kingdom of Wurttemberg in 1803 A.D. as volounty of Napoleon I and finally joined into the I Republic in 1919 A.D.. The Thuringia founded as Margraviade in 1000 A.D. and enfeoffed to Ekkardi and Ludovingi dinasties, was eleved as Langraviade before to be joined in 1242 A.D. to the Margraviade of Meissen, as well instituted in 1000 A.D. and enfeoffed to Ekkardi then passed to the Wettin dinasty, who in 1493 A.D. joined it to the Duchy of Sassonia-Wittenberg and separated from the Langraviade of Thuringia, that was assigned to the W-Ernestine branch then definitively rejoined from 1547 A.D. to the Duchy ruled by the W-Albertine branch. It was part of the ancient Duchy of Saxony ruled from 859 to 1269 A.D. by Liudolfingi-Ottoni, Billung, Welfen-Brunswick and Ascani dinasties, then splitted in 1269 A.D. in: S-Wittenmberg (to Ascani and Wettin-Albertine dinasties) elevated as Kingdom of Saxony in 1806 A.D. until its annexetion to the I Republic; S-Lauemberg ruled by Ascani dinasty until 1705 A.D., when it was splitted in a part annexed to the Principality of Hannover, in another part given to the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar (ruled from 1554 to 1919 A.D. by Wettin-Ernestine dinasty) then finally joined to the Kingdom of Saxony in 1806 A.D., in other parts assigned to the Duchy of Saxony-Altenburg (ruled from 1573 to 1919 A.D. by W-Ernestine and W-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dinasties) and extinted into to the Duchy of Saxony-Saalfeld-Gotha (ruled from 1681 to 1919 A.D. by the same dinasties) until joined into the I Republic, to the Duchy of Saxony-Meiningen (ruled from 1689 to 1919 A.D. by W-Ernestine dinasty) extinted into I Republic in 1919 A.D..

The Principality of Hannover had been instituted in 1692 A.D. and enfeoffed to the Welfen-Brunswick-Hanover family, then elevated to Kingdom of Hannover with the Wien Treaty and finally conquered and annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866 A.D.: it was the last evolution of the Margraviade of Brandeburg ruled from 1134 to 1356 A.D. by Ascani and Wittelsbach dinasties, then elevated as Principality of Brandeburg and ruled by Wittelsbach, Luxembourg and Hohenzollern dinasties, who in 1525 A.D. joined to the Duchy of Prussia and transformed in kingdom in 1701 A.D. (ratified by the Peace of Utrecht), as leading state of Germany until the institution of the I Republic. It had been reformed under the domain of the I France Empire (1806-1815 A.D.), then passed under control of the Austria Empire ruled by the Habsburg-Lothrinigen dinasty: this situation changed definitely in 1866 A.D. when the Kingdom of Prussia defeated the Austrian troops and joined all the german states by founding the II Reich in 1871 A.D., under the rule of the prussian Hohenzollern dinasty. But at the end of the First World War, the II Reich expired and Germany became a republic (known as 'Republic of Weimar') until 1933 A.D. when was transformed again in III Reich, then occupied by Allies of USA and United Kingdom and URSS in 1945 A.D.. After the Second World War until 1949 A.D. Germany was splitted in Federal Republic (capital in Bonn) and Democratic Republic (capital in Berlin), finally reunited into the II Federal Republic in 1991 A.D.. Nowadays, Germany is adminitrated by the lander (Baden-Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandeburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Meckelmburg, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia) and its main cities are the capital Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Dortmund, Essen, Dusseldorf, Bremen, Hannover, Lipsieg, Dresden, Norimberga and Bonn.

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